Incoterms
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Incoterms
EXW
EXW
EXW (Ex Works) is the delivery method with the lowest risk and responsibility for the seller. The seller is obliged to keep the goods ready for the buyer at their premises, factory, or warehouse without loading them onto the carrier or clearing customs. In this model, determining the delivery location is very important. After the goods are made ready at the delivery point, all expenses and risks related to the receipt and transportation of the goods are the buyer's responsibility.
DAP
DAP
The "Delivered at Place" (DAP) rule indicates that the seller delivers the goods to the buyer at the predetermined destination without unloading them from the carrier. Under DAP, the seller is responsible for customs clearance, entering into a transport contract to deliver the goods to the specified destination, and keeping the goods ready for the buyer without unloading them from the vehicle. The risk and expenses are the seller's responsibility until the goods are made ready for the buyer's disposal. After that, the responsibility shifts to the buyer. In this delivery method, insurance is arranged by the seller.
DDP
DDP
The DDP (Delivered Duty Paid) delivery method is the one with the highest responsibility for the seller. In this respect, it is the exact opposite of Ex Works (EXW). In this method, the seller is responsible for customs clearance, transportation, and delivering the goods to the agreed destination. The only responsibility of the buyer is to unload the goods at the specified destination. Under DDP, the seller is also expected to arrange the insurance.
CIP
CIP
The CIP (Carriage and Insurance Paid to) delivery method is almost identical to the CIF (Cost, Insurance, and Freight) delivery method. The difference between the two modes of transport is that CIP can be used for all modes of transport. In this delivery method, the insurance for the goods is arranged by the seller. After the goods are delivered to the carrier, the responsibility passes to the buyer.
DPU
DPU
In the DPU (Delivered at Place Unloaded) delivery method, the seller delivers the goods to the buyer after unloading them from the carrier at the designated arrival point. The risks and costs incurred until the goods are brought to the point specified in the sales contract and handed over to the buyer are the seller's responsibility. Once the goods reach this point and are unloaded, any taxes and transportation costs incurred are the buyer's responsibility. Although the insurance responsibility does not lie with the seller, it is expected that the seller arranges the insurance.
FCA
FCA
In the FCA (Free Carrier) delivery method, the seller clears the goods through customs and delivers them to the carrier selected by the buyer at the specified location. During the transportation of the goods to the designated vehicle for their shipment to the buyer's country, the pre-carriage costs and risks related to the goods are the seller's responsibility. After the delivery of the goods, the risks and costs transfer to the buyer. Insurance is arranged by the buyer. FCA is a delivery method that can be used in all modes of transport.
CPT
CPT
In the CPT (Carriage Paid To) delivery method, the seller provides the buyer with information and documents related to the loading after completing the customs procedures for the goods and delivering them to the designated carrier. Once the goods are handed over to the carrier, the risks and costs transfer to the buyer. The difference between CPT and the CFR (Cost and Freight) delivery method, which shares the same characteristics, is that CPT can be used in all modes of transport.
FAS
FAS
It is used in maritime transport. In the FAS (Free Alongside Ship) delivery method, the seller delivers the goods by placing them alongside the ship at the designated port. The customs clearance of the goods must also be carried out by the seller. The responsibilities of transporting the goods to the port alongside the ship lie with the seller until that point. From the moment the goods are placed alongside the ship, all risks and costs transfer to the buyer. Insurance is also arranged by the buyer.
FOB
FOB
It is used in maritime and inland waterway transport. Unlike FAS, the goods are delivered on board the ship. The goods are directed to the ship chosen by the buyer at the agreed loading port. All customs procedures and taxes related to the export of the goods are the seller's responsibility. While the costs up to the ship are borne by the seller, the costs and risks after loading the goods onto the ship are the buyer's. It is among the most commonly used delivery methods in our country.
CFR
CFR
In the CFR delivery method, the seller delivers the goods on board the ship or provides goods that have been delivered on board. Damages and other costs related to the transported goods pass to the buyer when the goods are on board. The seller obtains the necessary export licenses or other official permits for the export of the goods. Additionally, they complete the customs procedures. The seller makes a transportation agreement to bring the goods to the agreed port and pays the freight and expenses themselves. In this delivery method, the seller is not obligated to arrange insurance but is required to provide the necessary information to the buyer for insurance to be arranged.
CIF
CIF
The CIF delivery method has generally the same characteristics as the CFR delivery method mentioned above. The only difference between them is that the insurance for the goods is arranged by the seller.
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